Protoplasm is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. Some of the major components include: Water: Makes up the largest proportion of protoplasm, providing a medium for cellular reactions and transporting nutrients and waste products. Organic Molecules: Proteins: Play a crucial role in various cellular processes like building structures, enzymes for reactions, and transport molecules. Carbohydrates: Provide energy for cellular functions and can also act as structural components. Lipids: Form the cell membrane and are involved in storing energy and signaling. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Carry genetic information and are essential for cell growth, division, and protein synthesis.