DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the biological instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of a

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are fundamental to organic chemistry and play crucial roles in var

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is the first stage of cellular respiration and plays a central

Protoplasm is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. Some of the major components include:Water: Makes up the largest proportion of

The empirical formula of a compound represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound. It gives the relative

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, into alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms such

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called an

global warming, " which is the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse

The nucleus is a fundamental part of a cell that contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules along with a variety of pro