Protoplasm is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. Some of the major components include:Water: Makes up the largest proportion of

The nucleus is a fundamental part of a cell that contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules along with a variety of pro

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called an

The solid state of matter is one of the four fundamental states of matter, alongside liquid, gas, and plasma. Solids have a definite shape and volume,

Proteins are large, complex molecules that play vital roles in the structure, function, and regulation of almost all biological processes. They are ma

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is the first stage of cellular respiration and plays a central

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons between them. This sharing of electrons allows e

Chemical bonding refers to the attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds. There are three main types of chemical bonds: co

Photolysis is a process where light breaks down molecules into smaller pieces. It is a type of chemical reaction where light acts as the catalyst.