Protoplasm is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. Some of the major components include:Water: Makes up the largest proportion of

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are fundamental to organic chemistry and play crucial roles in var

Chemical bonding refers to the attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds. There are three main types of chemical bonds: co

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called an

Photolysis is a process where light breaks down molecules into smaller pieces. It is a type of chemical reaction where light acts as the catalyst.

The nucleus is a fundamental part of a cell that contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as DNA molecules along with a variety of pro

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, into alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms such

Penicillium fungi are a large genus of mold belonging to the kingdom Fungi . They are filamentous fungi, meaning they have thread-like structures call

Saprotrophic nutrition is a way of getting nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter. Organisms that use saprotrophic nutrition are called saprotro